you like a cup of coffee?

I borrow your bicycle?

you post this letter for me?

you help me with my homework, please?

you mind not making so much noise?

I come to your house at six o'clock this evening?

you lend me your pen?

we go to the cinema tonight?

you help me clear the table?

you mind telling me the time now?

you show me how to use the camera?

you like another piece of cake?

LEARNING GRAMMAR WORKBOOK 6 is specially designed to teach students the correct use of grammar in the English language. Lessons and exercises can be easily removed and presented as homework, class work or quizzes. The glossary and answer pages can be removed and filed away for future reference.

Table of Contents This shows clearly the objectives of each lesson, making it easy to identify and pick specific grammar topics for learning.

Grammar Lessons Each lesson has a specific learning focus and begins with concise explanatory notes and examples.

Practice Exercises The exercises are designed to supplement learning and provide relevant practice on the grammar topics taught.

Glossary Selected words from each lesson and their meanings are found here to help build vocabulary and improve comprehension.

Answers Designed as an independent booklet, the answer key contains answers to all questions, including suggested answers for open-ended questions.

Enhanced Learning FREE resources available Download My SAPeducation App Now! or go to www.sapgrp.com Additional Reproducible Activities Reproducible worksheets on selected topics are available here. These are useful as quick assessments of a child's understanding of the work taught. Lesson Plans for Parents and Teachers Ideas and suggestions on how to present each lesson to enhance learning are provided here. These are useful resources for both classroom and home learning.

www.nuadu.com Use NUADU with this book! Improve your results with unlimited practice and instant, real-time feedback. Track your progress and complete assignments on your computer, tablet or smartphone. Get started now!

Ask Mark to accompany you to the doctor's. (could) Mark, ?

Ask the teacher to explain the difficult word again. (could) Teacher, ?

Ask Sandra to go jogging with us. (would) Sandra, ?

Ask Richard whether we could come along with him. (could) Richard, ?

Learn to use 'would' and 'could' when making requests. Go to My SAPeducation App or www.sapgrp.com

Lesson 1: MAKING POLITE REQUESTS USING 'WOULD' AND 'COULD' (Page 1), Exercise 1 (Page 2), Exercise 2 (Page 3), Exercise 3 (Page 5) Lesson 2: ADVERB CLAUSES OF REASON USING 'BECAUSE', 'AS' OR 'SINCE' (Page 7), Exercise 4 (Page 8), Exercise 5 (Page 10), Exercise 6 (Page 12) Lesson 3: ADVERB CLAUSES OF RESULT OR PURPOSE (Page 13), Exercise 7 (Page 15), Exercise 8 (Page 17), Exercise 9 (Page 19), Exercise 10 (Page 20) Lesson 4: EXPRESSING FUTURE TIME USING THE PRESENT AND THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSES (Page 21), Exercise 11 (Page 22), Exercise 12 (Page 23), Exercise 13 (Page 24) Lesson 5: MODALS 'OUGHT TO' AND 'SHOULD' TO EXPRESS OBLIGATION (Page 25), Exercise 14 (Page 26), Exercise 15 (Page 27), Exercise 16 (Page 28) Lesson 6: CONDITIONAL CLAUSES USING 'UNLESS' (Page 29), Exercise 17 (Page 30), Exercise 18 (Page 31), Exercise 19 (Page 32) Lesson 7: THE DEFINITE ARTICLE 'THE' AND THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE 'A' OR 'AN' (Page 33), Exercise 20 (Page 35), Exercise 21 (Page 37), Exercise 22 (Page 38) ADAPTIVE LEARNING: Diagnostic Test 1 (Lessons 1 – 7) Lesson 8: RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS 'EACH OTHER' AND 'ONE ANOTHER' (Page 39), Exercise 23 (Page 40), Exercise 24 (Page 42) Lesson 9: PHRASAL VERBS (Page 43), Exercise 25 (Page 46), Exercise 26 (Page 47), Exercise 27 (Page 48) Lesson 10: PASSIVE VOICE (Page 49), Exercise 28 (Page 50), Exercise 29 (Page 51) Lesson 11: ADJECTIVAL PHRASES AND CLAUSES (Page 53), Exercise 30 (Page 54), Exercise 31 (Page 55), Exercise 32 (Page 56), Exercise 33 (Page 57) Lesson 12: POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS (Page 59), Exercise 34 (Page 60), Exercise 35 (Page 61), Exercise 36 (Page 62) Lesson 13: THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE (Page 63), Exercise 37 (Page 64), Exercise 38 (Page 65), Exercise 39 (Page 66) ADAPTIVE LEARNING: Diagnostic Test 2 (Lessons 8 – 13) Lesson 14: THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE (Page 67), Exercise 40 (Page 68), Exercise 41 (Page 69) Lesson 15: THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE (Page 71), Exercise 42 (Page 72), Exercise 43 (Page 73), Exercise 44 (Page 74) Lesson 16: MODALS (Page 75), Exercise 45 (Page 76), Exercise 46 (Page 77), Exercise 47 (Page 78) Lesson 17: CONCORD OR SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT (Page 79), Exercise 48 (Page 80), Exercise 49 (Page 81), Exercise 50 (Page 82) Lesson 18: REPORTED SPEECH (Page 83), Exercise 51 (Page 84), Exercise 52 (Page 85), Exercise 53 (Page 86) ADAPTIVE LEARNING: Diagnostic Test 3 (Lessons 14 – 18) Lesson 19: ADVERB CLAUSES (Page 87), Exercise 54 (Page 88), Exercise 55 (Page 89), Exercise 56 (Page 90) Lesson 20: NOUNS — REGULAR AND IRREGULAR (Page 91), Exercise 57 (Page 93), Exercise 58 (Page 94) Lesson 21: ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS — COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE (Page 95), Exercise 59 (Page 96), Exercise 60 (Page 97), Exercise 61 (Page 98) Lesson 22: ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY (Page 99), Exercise 62 (Page 100), Exercise 63 (Page 101) ADAPTIVE LEARNING: Diagnostic Test 4 (Lessons 19 – 22) Glossary (page 103) Answers (A1 ~ A3)

EXAMPLES 1. Lend me your ruler. Would you lend me your ruler? 2. I would like a cup of tea. Could I have a cup of tea?

I want to borrow your pencil.

Switch on the light.

I want to see you now.

Lend me a hand.

Meet me tonight.

Help me with my homework.

'Would' and 'could' are modal verbs. Modal verbs 'help' other verbs. Both 'would' and 'could' make what we say or write POLITE. We use 'would' or 'could' if we want to ask someone to do something or if we want to ask someone for something.

We can use 'would' when we are asking someone something or to do something politely. Examples: Would you like to have some cake? Would you help me wash the car? Would you come with me to the market? Would you lend me a book?

We can use 'could' when we are asking someone for something politely. Examples: Could I borrow your pen? Could you lend me one dollar?

'Could' is also used when we ask someone to do something, but we are not sure if the person has the time to do it or if it will be too difficult for the person to do. Examples: Could you call me tomorrow? (Perhaps you will be busy tomorrow.) Could you return those books to me? (Perhaps you have not finished reading them.) Could you move the desk closer to the window? (Perhaps the desk is too heavy for you to move.) Could you show me the way to the library? (Perhaps the library is out of your way or perhaps you are busy.)

A clause is a part of a sentence that gives us additional information about something that is said.

Examples She did not eat because she was not feeling hungry. (The bold parts of the sentence give us additional information about why she did not eat.) As the floor was wet and slippery, I almost fell. (All the bold parts of the sentences are called clauses. Each clause gives more information about what is said in the other part of the sentence.)

A clause that begins with the conjunction 'because', 'as' or 'since' are called an adverb clause of reason. An adverb clause of reason tells us why something happens.

Examples She was very happy because she passed her examination. I am going to sleep now as I have to wake up early tomorrow. I will help my father to wash the car since I am free.

An adverb clause starting with 'because' may come in the later part of the sentence.

Example Julie did not go to school because she was sick.

A sentence may also begin with an adverb clause starting with 'as' or 'since'.

Example Since Julie was sick, she did not go to school.

EXAMPLES 1. Ask David whether you could borrow his bicycle. (could) David, could I borrow your bicycle? 2. Ask Patrick to lend you his book. (would) Patrick, would you lend me your book?

Ask Mary to call back later. (could) Mary, ?

Ask Dawn to lower the volume of the radio. (could) Dawn, ?

Ask Ray to show you how to operate the machine. (could) Ray, ?

Ask your father to tell you a bedtime story. (could) Father, ?

Ask Mrs Wilkins whether she would like a drink. (would) Mrs Wilkins, ?

Ask Lionel to pass you the dictionary. (could) Lionel, ?

The football match was postponed .

The teacher scolded Alex .

Mr Stevenson switched on the radio .

Miss Willows could not afford to buy the dress .

Gerard was very happy .

EXAMPLE Why was Judy absent from school? (sick) She was absent from school because she was sick.

Why didn't Michael buy the shoes? (expensive) He

Why did you switch on the fan? (warm) I

Why is she opening her umbrella? (raining) She

Why did your father stop smoking? (bad for his health) He

Why was the prisoner released? (innocent) He

Why didn't you take a taxi? (not enough money) I

Why is Ben crying? (hungry) He

Why are the police officers chasing the men? (robbed a bank) They

Why is she miserable? (failed the examination) She

Why did the campers build a fire? (cold) They

Why did your mother punish you? (naughty) She

Why did the sailors abandon the ship? (sinking) They

EXAMPLE Sam went to the dentist's. He had a toothache. (because) Sam went to the dentist's because he had a toothache.

Mr Peterson was upset. He had lost his wallet. (because) Mr Peterson

It was raining heavily. The tournament had to be postponed. ( ) The tournament

Sally could not come to the party. She was ill. (since) , she could not

It was dark. I switched on the light. (because) I

The bridegroom was late. He rushed to church. (because) The bridegroom

The farmer was very angry. The merchants had cheated him. (because) The farmer

He behaved very rudely. Everyone disliked him. (since) , everyone

Mr Willis was late for work. His car broke down. (as) Mr Willis

She asked for a glass of water .

Sharon is popular in school .

Rayson walks to school .

, they have withered.

The children went to bed early .

An adverb clause of result may begin with the connective 'so ... that' or 'such ... that'. This usually tells us that one thing happens, happened or will happen because of, or as a result of, an action or situation. Sometimes, we do something because we want something to happen. This thing that happens because of what we do is referred to as the result. It is common to use the connective 'so that' in the adverb clause of purpose.

Examples I booked the tickets for the movie early so that we could get good seats. I work hard so that I can pass my examinations.

Sometimes, we do something, and something else happens as a result. We can use an adverb clause of result to show this.

Examples I worked so hard that I fell ill. I ran so fast that I tripped and fell. (The bold parts of the sentences tell us what happened as a result of what 'I' did.)

Sometimes, something else could also happen as a result of a particular situation. We use an adverb clause of result to show this.

Examples The movie was so funny that we could not stop laughing. He is so proud that nobody likes him. I was so frightened by the sight of the big dog that I froze. (The bold parts of the sentences tell us what happened as a result of a particular situation.)

With the connective 'so ... that' in an adverb clause of result, it is usual to use a simple adjective or adverb with it.

Examples That desk is so heavy that I cannot move it. (adjective: heavy) He spoke so softly that I could not hear him. (adverb: softly)

With the connective 'such ... that' in an adverb clause of result, it is usual to use a noun phrase ('a/an' + adjective + noun) with it.

Examples It was such a hot day that I decided to go for a swim. It was such an unfriendly dog that we all avoided it.

It was raining so heavily that .

It was such a funny joke that .

The patient is so weak that .

We had such a tiring day that .

At the haunted house, I was so frightened that .

Jonathan ran so fast that .

It was such a difficult test that .

The piano is so heavy that .

The movie was very scary. Someone in the audience fainted. so scary that

The children rushed to the bus stop. They did not want to miss the school bus. so that

The dog barked very fiercely. All of us were afraid to go near it. so fiercely that

Hillary sang so sweetly that

It was such a hot day that

The storm was so violent that

The survivors were so weak that

Mr Williams took a taxi so that

He ate so much food at the party that

My grandmother is so old that

Mr Cartson works longer hours this week so that

EXAMPLES 1. Miss Davidson felt very weak. She collapsed on the floor. Miss Davidson felt so weak that she collapsed on the floor. 2. Genghis Khan was a fierce warrior. Everyone feared him. Genghis Khan was such a fierce warrior that everyone feared him.

Andrew is very timid. He will not talk to anyone.

The old man was very ill. We called an ambulance.

It is an interesting book. I cannot put it down.

It was a fine day. We decided to go to the beach.

He drove very fast. He could not stop in time when he saw the dog.

We had a very pleasant time at the beach. We wanted to go there again the following week.

Raymond is a good runner. He has won many prizes.

My employer has a bad temper. All of us are afraid of him.

Mr Woods drank too much. He could not drive home. so much that

Mrs Dass is a kind lady. Everyone likes her. such a kind lady that

The restaurant serves delicious food. The customers keep coming back. such delicious food that

The dress was too expensive. She decided not to buy it. so expensive that

The cinema was very dark. I could not see the steps in front of me. so dark that

The train the station at nine o'clock tonight. (leave)

The football season in the month of May. (begin)

I the team to win the match next week. (expect)

The concert in the evening. (start)

The flight for Europe tomorrow. (depart)

The meeting tonight at eight o'clock sharp. (commence)

The aeroplane off in ten minutes. (take)

The commandos the airbase at dawn. (attack)

We the Chairman in the office twice a month. (see)

The ship sail for the island in an hour's time. (set)

Everyone to my birthday party tomorrow. (come)

We to the cinema tonight. (go)

My friend and I tennis this afternoon. (play)

I for London tomorrow morning. (leave)

The helicopters on the island in a few minutes' time. (land)

Sharon a tie for her father's birthday. (buy)

We for the examination at the end of the year. (sit)

They married on 15 May. (get)

My father the fence this Sunday. (paint)

The manager an urgent meeting this morning. (hold)

When are the boys playing football? (this evening) They are playing football this evening.

When does his plane arrive? (tonight) It

What are you buying for her birthday? (a silk scarf) I

When does the bus leave? (in five minutes) It

At what time are you waking up tomorrow? (six o'clock) I

When is your brother coming home? (later in the afternoon) He

When are they going to Bangkok? (next month) They

When does your sister leave for Australia? (next week) She

At what time do you have your lunch? (noon) I

When does the rainy season begin? (later in the year) It

Whom is she visiting this evening? (her sick aunt in hospital) She

Both 'ought to' and 'should' are modal verbs. The negative form of 'ought to' is 'ought not to' or 'oughtn't', and the negative form of 'should' is 'should not' or 'shouldn't'. Both modal verbs are used to show that there is a certain amount of obligation in the performance of some action.

Examples You ought to stay indoors when it rains. You should stay away from the rain.

The negative 'should not' or 'shouldn't' takes the main verb after it.

Examples You should not be so rude. You should not eat too much. John shouldn't play during lessons. She shouldn't sleep late.

The negative 'ought not to' or 'oughtn't' takes the main verb after it.

Examples You ought not to be so rude. You ought not to eat too much. John oughtn't play during lessons. She oughtn't sleep late.

We may make statements about actions or events that will or may happen in the future. Such statements refer to future time. Future time may include: this afternoon, tonight, in ten minutes, at eight o'clock tonight, tomorrow, next week, later this month, in May, next year.

Examples I leave for Japan tonight. They are going to Bangkok tomorrow. The school term starts next month. We are visiting the zoo next week.

We use the simple present tense for actions or events that are fixed and will definitely happen.

Examples He leaves for Malaysia this afternoon. It is his birthday next month. Examinations start in November.

We use the present continuous tense for actions or events that have been planned, but there is a slight possibility that they will not take place.

Examples We are playing football tomorrow afternoon. Everyone is going to Jane's birthday party this weekend. She is watching that movie tonight.

Jack is not feeling well. He should .

Oliver was very rude to her. He ought to .

Deborah has to wake up early for work. She shouldn't .

Mr Scholes is having trouble with his car again. He ought to .

You are overweight. You should .

We are in the library. We shouldn't .

Mr Grant's driving licence has expired. He ought to .

It is going to rain. We should .

You are always late for school. You ought to .

Miss Stone is in hospital. We should .

We ( ought to , ought not to ) keep the meat in the refrigerator.

Children ( should , shouldn't ) listen to their parents.

Jack ( should , shouldn't ) stop being a nuisance in class.

Animals ( ought not to , ought to ) be treated with kindness.

Students ( shouldn't , should ) pay attention in class.

They ( should , shouldn't ) disobey their teacher.

A person ( ought to , ought not to ) drive carefully on the road.

We (should , shouldn't ) be rude to our elders.

Drivers ( ought not to , ought to ) exceed the speed limit.

Citizens ( should , shouldn't ) help to keep the city clean.

EXAMPLES 1. The students ought to do their homework. (should) The students should do their homework. 2. The children ought not to run across the road. (shouldn't) The children shouldn't run across the road.

The boys ought not to play in the rain. (shouldn't)

The patient ought to stay in bed. (should)

The girls ought not to stay out late. (shouldn't)

They ought to throw the rubbish away. (should)

The students ought to study hard for the examination. (should)

We ought not to litter the park. (shouldn't)

‘Unless’ is a conjunction which introduces a conditional clause, also known as an adverb clause of condition.

Examples You will be late unless you hurry. Your father will not be angry unless you lie to him. (The bold parts of the sentences are called conditional clauses and are introduced by ‘unless’. The conditional clause states a condition and the other part states a result.)

The result will happen or will not happen if what is stated by the condition does not happen.

Examples You will be late unless you hurry. (If you do not hurry, you will be late.) Your father will not be angry unless you lie to him. (If you do not lie to your father, he will not be angry.)

If the result is rewritten with a negative verb, then the verb in the conditional clause introduced by ‘unless’ will be positive.

Example The teacher will be angry. We must not be late. The teacher will not be angry unless we are late.

You are not allowed to leave the classroom unless .

The plane will arrive on time unless .

The plants will wither unless .

Mr Kline will not see a doctor unless .

The victim will die unless .

They will not come to the party unless .

You cannot enter the theatre unless .

The clothes will dry unless .

We shall stop buying from that shop unless .

She will not talk to you unless .

EXAMPLES 1. The match will be postponed if it rains heavily. The match will not be postponed unless it rains heavily. 2. We shall be late if we do not hurry. We shall be late unless we hurry.

Don't tell her about it if she doesn't ask you.

You will pass the examination if you study.

You can vote if you are a citizen.

The job will not be completed if we do not work overtime.

We shall take you along if you behave yourself.

Dennis will join us if he is not busy.

The players will get into trouble if they break the rules.

I shall lend you the money if you promise to pay it back soon.

The roads will be flooded if it rains continuously.

Mary will be angry if you do not go to her party.

'The', 'a' and 'an' are called articles. Articles are used to refer to nouns: the dog, a teacher, an orange.

There are two types of articles: 'the' is a definite article and 'a' and 'an' are indefinite articles.

'The', a definite article, is used to refer to a specific item. For example, the boy in my class, the neighbour who has three dogs, the apples in the basket, the wife of the Chairman, the holiday I took.

'The' is also used for items that are one of its kind. For example, the moon, the planet Venus, the sun, the sky, the equator, the United States of America, the South Pole, the Suez Canal, the Indian Ocean.

'The' may also be used to refer to a particular item that is used to represent all members of its group. Examples The shark is one of the most feared creatures. The durian is a tropical fruit.

'The' may be used to refer to a group of items. Examples The students really like their teacher. Many of the students who walked were caught in the rain. We often admire the successful people around us. The lions are majestic animals.

'The' is also used for comparatives and superlatives. Examples The taller brother is the smarter one. He is the most considerate person in class. The Nile River is the longest river in the world.

'A' and 'an' are called indefinite articles and are used for nouns that can be counted. 'A' is used for nouns beginning with consonant sounds and 'an' is used for nouns beginning with vowel sounds. 'A' and 'an' are used to refer to one of some items. Examples There is a man at our front door. I saw a cat climbing up the tree. I will meet you in an hour. I was eating an apple just now.

'A' and 'an' are also used to refer to any one item in a group or class. Examples I take a bus to school. (any one of the buses on the route) May I borrow a pencil from you? (any one pencil you have)

'A' and 'an' can also be used to refer to a representative member of a class. Examples A whale is a large mammal. A screwdriver is a useful tool. She is a nurse.

EXAMPLES 1. Who is man at the door? Who is the man at the door? 2. Many more people will die if famine continues. Many more people will die if the famine continues.

Neil Armstrong was first astronaut to walk on the moon.

I asked salesperson for some assistance.

Customer demanded to see manager of the shop.

Sun rises in east.

Famous Sherlock Holmes lived on Baker Street.

My parents will worry. I must give them a call. My parents will worry

We shouldn't rock the boat. It will capsize. The boat will not capsize

The door will open. You must push it hard. The door will not open

Mr Peterson will be late for the general meeting. He must hurry. Mr Peterson will be late for the general meeting

We should not talk loudly. The librarian will scold us. The librarian will not scold us

You should not disturb the dog. It will bite you. The dog will not bite you

You can watch television. You must finish your homework first. You cannot watch television

The whole house will be burnt down. The firefighters must arrive soon. The whole house will be burnt down

Complete your homework. You can go out to play. You cannot go out to play

She will come to the picnic. We must invite her. She will not come to the picnic

I spoke to boy who was sitting on bench beside the lake.

bus I took to school broke down.

astronaut is person who travels into space.

He had interesting suggestion for concert.

suspect was detained by police for at least hour.

She gave such good performance that all judges gave her highest scores.

We need engineer for building project.

Is there short cut to beach from here?

We began journey early in morning.

Many of men lost their lives on expedition.

Eratosthenes was Greek scientist who first came up with theory that world was round. Many people laughed at idea. They strongly believed that earth was flat. Later through years, Eratosthenes' theory was proved by man named Christopher Columbus.

ostrich is largest bird in world. It has huge body which makes it difficult for bird to fly. ostrich has long, powerful legs which enable it to run very fast. eggs of ostrich are also bigger than those laid by other birds.

tusks of elephant are just like teeth of rodent. They keep growing throughout elephant's life. Among African elephants, both males and females have tusks. mother elephant defends her calf by charging and stabbing with her tusks. She is strong enough to drive her tusks through door of car.

'Each other' and 'one another' are reciprocal pronouns. They are used when there is a reciprocal interaction between two or more people.

'Each other' is used when two people or groups are involved. Examples My brother and I help each other in our homework. Tom and Jerry played with each other the whole day. The two teams competed very strongly against each other.

'One another' is used when more than two people are involved. Examples The neighbours quarrel with one another very often. The three sisters confide in one another when they have problems.

David and his pen friend email to (each other , one another) once a month.

They loved (each other , one another) so much that they decided to get married.

Neighbours should learn to help (each other , one another).

My friends and I are always joking with (each other , one another).

Don't the twins resemble (each other , one another)?

The players of the losing team blamed (each other , one another).

Johnny and I have not spoken to (each other , one another) since we quarrelled.

The two presidents shook hands with (each other , one another) at the embassy.

The manager told the workers to cooperate with (each other , one another).

The dog and the cat stared fiercely at (each other , one another).

Taj Mahal is one of seven wonders of the world.

This is spot where it took place.

Principal of this school has resigned.

This is not book I am looking for.

Were there any witnesses to accident?

Soldiers had to cross desert on foot.

He was awarded a medal for bravery he had shown in battle.

Karen and Lynn met (each other , one another) at the library.

The three friends have known (each other , one another) for many years.

The books were placed neatly on top of (each other , one another).

Residents in an estate should be friendly to (each other , one another).

Do the students in your class get along well with (each other , one another)?

Which reciprocal pronoun, 'each other' or 'one another', would you choose to complete your sentences? Go to My SAPeducation App or www.sapgrp.com

The runners raced with through an obstacle course.

The children are helping with their homework.

The boys and girls danced with at the party.

Both brothers are always fighting with .

The passengers on the ship comforted during the stormy voyage.

My parents love very much.

The two women shouted at across the street.

The two brothers hugged warmly.

The wedding couple looked at lovingly.

The two teams tried hard to beat but it ended up in a draw.

A phrasal verb is made up of two or three words. The first word is a verb and the other is a preposition or an adverbial particle. Many phrasal verbs may be replaced by single words.

Examples I will go through the essay now. I will review the essay now. The plane to London took off at eight o'clock. The plane to London departed at eight o'clock. The thief ran away when he heard the alarm. The thief fled when he heard the alarm.

The following table lists some phrasal verbs and their meanings. Learn these in order to use them correctly.

Phrasal Verb | Meaning | Phrasal Verb | Meaning add in | include | get over | finish; feel better add on | include something extra | get up | wake up; stand up add to | make better or stronger | give away | provide add up | calculate the sum | give back | return blow out | extinguish | give in | agree or accept unwillingly blow up | explode | give out | give (information) break down | cry; stop working | give up | stop doing or trying break in (into) | enter by force | go after | chase; try to catch break off | stop talking suddenly; break a piece from | go away | leave break out | begin to happen; escape | go back | return break up | separate or make into small pieces | go down | sink; become lower in amount call off | cancel | go for | choose or try to get something call on | visit | go into | start to do a type of job call out | say out loud | go off | explode; leave call up | telephone | go on | continue carry on | continue | go out | leave a place carry out | do something; perform (a task) | go over | check; think carefully catch up | improve; come from behind | go through | search; experience clear up | tidy; become better (weather) | go up | increase; explode close down | stop operating | grow on | like more and more close up | move closer; not open for a while | grow out (of) | become too big for one's clothes; stop doing (a habit, action) come about | happen | grow up | develop come across | find; discover | hand back | pass back come along | follow | hand in | give come back | return | hand out | distribute come up with | produce; think of | hand over | give responsibility or power to someone cut down | reduce | keep off | stay away die down | slowly decrease | keep on | continue drop out | stop (an activity) before it is finished | keep out | stay away fall back | move back or backwards | keep up | maintain fall down | fall onto the ground | knock about | hit a few times fall out | quarrel | knock down | hit (with or by a vehicle) fall through | not completed successfully | leave behind | forget to take find out | discover | leave off | stop get along | be friendly with | leave out | exclude get around | travel | look after | take care of get away | escape | look around | search get in (into) | enter | look at | see get off | finish work | look back (on) | think about (past event) get on | continue; make progress | look for | search; hunt get out | escape; leave | look on | watch | | look out | search | | look over | examine

Phrasal Verb | Meaning look round | search look up | visit; try to find make off | escape make out | try to see or understand make up | form (an excuse) open up | become bigger (hole, crack); start to talk pass around | offer pass away | die pass by | walk past pass out | faint; give pick on | bully pick out | choose pick up | collect; lift point out | bring attention to pull out | leave; move; get something out push over | cause something or someone to fall put away | keep put back | return to its original position or place put down | write put in | spend (time); fix put on | wear put off | postpone put out | extinguish put up | build; stay put up with | tolerate ring up | phone run after | chase run away | leave; escape run down | hit; injure run into | hit; meet run out | use up run over | hit set aside | keep for use later set off | begin (a trip) set out | start to do set up | start; build show up | come; attend stand up for | support switch off | turn off switch on | turn on switch over | change take after | look or behave like (an older relative) take apart | separate take in | allow someone to stay take off | leave; remove take on | accept take out | withdraw take over | take control take to | begin to like or accept take up | be interested to spend time doing something tear up | destroy (paper, cloth) throw away | dispose tidy away | pack and keep neatly try out | test or practise turn back | move in opposite direction; walk back turn down | not accept; reject turn in | return turn off | switch off turn on | switch on turn out | turn off; happen in a way turn up | come; attend; increase (heat, volume) wake up | start to pay attention to warm up | become warm; do exercise write back | reply (letter) write down | write on a piece of paper write in | write formally to request information write out | write something on paper in a neat way

My old car broke in the middle of the road.

Angrily, she tore the letter and threw it away.

I asked my neighbour to look my pet dog while I was away.

We shall have to put our holiday plans until we have more money.

We called up the police when we discovered that our house had been broken .

The judge went the court findings again before deciding on the outcome of the case.

He had great difficulty trying to blow the trick candles on his birthday cake.

The students handed their homework to the monitor.

The deer ran when it spotted the cheetah.

They carried with their work in spite of the heavy rain.

I met an old friend of mine at the function.

After a few minutes, the ambulance arrived at the scene of the accident.

The football practice was cancelled due to bad weather.

His grandfather died at the age of eighty.

Mr Jordan stopped smoking when his best friend died of lung cancer.

I am not going to tolerate your rude behaviour anymore.

The bomb disposal experts defused a World War II bomb before it could explode.

The campers found a deserted cabin in the forest.

The accident because the driver was reckless.

Did your teacher the mistakes you made in your composition?

Judy when she heard that her pet dog fell very ill.

His handwriting is so bad that I cannot a single word.

I shall have to the storeroom as it is full of junk.

After the last accident, my brother motorcycle racing.

The gardener told us to the grass.

He his duties so well that he was soon promoted to the rank of captain.

Don't be by his sweet talk; he cannot be trusted.

If you tell a lie, someone will sooner or later.

Many prizes were to the members of the audience who participated in the show.

Do you think you are ready to your father's business when he retires?

In a passive sentence, the first noun will determine whether the singular or plural verb is to be used. If the noun is an uncountable noun, the singular verb should be used. If it is a countable noun, the singular form of the verb should be used if the noun is singular; the plural form of the verb should be used if the noun is plural.

Examples Bread (uncountable noun) is baked in an oven. The sick boy (countable noun, singular) was taken to the clinic. The children (countable noun, plural) are asked to finish their homework.

When we transform an active sentence into a passive sentence, the tense of the verb we choose for the passive sentence is determined by the tense of the verb in the active sentence.

Examples The caretaker will close the school gates at seven o'clock. (verb – future tense, active voice) ➞ The school gates will be closed at seven o'clock. (verb – future tense, passive voice) The lorry is towing the trailer. (verb – present continuous tense, active voice) ➞ The trailer is being towed by the lorry. (verb – present continuous tense, passive voice) The teacher gave some fruit to the children. (verb – past tense, active voice) ➞ The children were given some fruit by the teacher. (verb – past tense, passive voice)

These buildings by the architects from our firm.

The funfair at the park.

Rice in paddy fields.

The soldiers by their officer.

The survivors by a passing ship.

The Amazon River by the expedition team.

A bridge across the canal next year.

The contest if there are insufficient entries.

Many guests to the wedding banquet.

The patient by several doctors.

EXAMPLES 1. Somebody has stolen my wallet. My wallet has been stolen. 2. I found your bag under the table. Your bag was found under the table.

My father has already washed the car.

The men are repairing the roof.

The wind will blow away the smoke.

People usually eat rice in Asia.

We make butter from milk.

The guards will close the gate at six.

The police have warned them on several occasions.

Plants absorb water through their roots.

Singapore has done many campaigns to attract tourists from around the world.

The principal will hold the meeting tomorrow.

The chef already bought most of the ingredients for the feast.

The committee has appointed me as chairperson.

An adjectival phrase gives us additional information about a noun and it is written immediately after the noun. Adjectival phrases may begin with an ‘-ing’ verb or a preposition.

Examples The boy sitting on the fence is mischievous. That cat climbing the tree belongs to my neighbour. The book on the dining table is for you. The slippers outside the back door are new.

An adjectival clause also gives us additional information about a noun and it is written immediately after the noun it describes. Adjectival clauses may begin with the connectives (relative pronouns) ‘which’, ‘who’, ‘whom’, ‘whose’ and ‘that’.

Examples The oranges which you bought are very sweet. The girl who just left was very upset. The man whom I handed the letter to is very trustworthy. The woman whose behaviour is intolerable has been asked to leave. Countries that are in the tropics are always hot and humid.

The boy went to see the doctor.

The car belongs to my father.

The durians were rotten.

The ladies are nurses.

The runner won the first prize.

Hunters are very cruel.

The book was very interesting.

The customer is Mrs Steven.

EXAMPLE The boy is playing the guitar. He is my cousin. The boy who is playing the guitar is my cousin.

The police were investigating the house fire. It occurred in a remote area. that

The man is a criminal. He has a scar on his face. with

Where is my racket? You borrowed it from me a week ago. which

This is the kite. Patrick made it. that

I met a strange man. He was loitering behind my house. who

Susan is the girl. I gave her the parcel. whom

The man is upset. His wallet is missing. whose

The delivery boy brought the groceries has left.

The elephants have smaller ears come from Asia.

The person I spoke to on the phone was Mr Dass.

The student behaviour was intolerable was punished.

That is the girl father works in my company.

The lawyer is well-known for winning cases charges a very high fee.

That is the house my parents have decided to buy.

She is the lady I met at the party.

EXAMPLES 1. The man who has the whistle is the referee. The man with the whistle is the referee. 2. The wallet which is on the counter belongs to Peter. The wallet on the counter belongs to Peter.

The woman who is on the balcony is carrying a baby.

The building which is near my school is a factory.

The girl who has long hair is my niece.

The men who are on the ship are sailors.

The tree which was behind my house had been chopped down.

The teacher who is in charge of my class is Miss Davidson.

The cake which is on the table looks delicious.

The goldfish which is in the tank belongs to me.

Most of the passengers who are on the plane are from Asia.

The guests who were at the party enjoyed themselves.

This letter is . It has your name on the envelope.

This is not our luggage. is missing.

These are not my shoes. are much smaller.

My neighbours wanted to borrow my ladder as was broken.

Philip and his brother share this room. The room is .

No, the bicycle isn't . It belongs to me, but I know she has one which looks just like .

Mr Carlson has just bought a new car. This shiny new car must be .

The car isn't but . I lent it to him just for the weekend.

My wife and I own this house. It is .

Mrs Nathan met an old friend of at the shopping mall. She had not seen her for many years.

EXAMPLE I left my umbrella at home. Could I borrow your umbrella? I left mine at home. Could I borrow yours?

All these toys are Millie and Sharon's.

Our car is a small car but their car is a big one.

Felicia's handwriting is nearly the same as my handwriting.

His handkerchief has his name on it. This is to show that it is his handkerchief.

We have seen Delilah's report card but we haven't seen your report card at all.

A close friend of Sam's and mine has left for Europe.

My mother sewed my dress while they had to buy their dresses.

These can't be our bags. They must be their bags.

My sister is cleaning her room now, but I shall clean my room later.

The teacher said that our compositions were good, but Andrew's composition was better.

The simple past tense is used when we speak of events that are completed or events that took place in the past with definite time mentioned. It is also used when we speak of a simple truth about events that took place over a period of time in the past, or when we speak of a habit we had in the past.

Examples The hunter shot at the tiger, but he missed. (completed event) He departed for Japan this morning. (past event with definite time) Joshua worked for his uncle for a few years. (a simple truth in the past) My mother never drank tea or coffee. (a habit in the past)

The possessive pronouns reflect ownership. They are 'mine', 'yours', 'his', 'hers', 'ours' and 'theirs'.

Examples That book is mine. Is this umbrella yours? This shirt is his. The car is hers. These magazines are ours. That house is theirs.

We use possessive pronouns when we want to avoid having to use a phrase again.

Examples This is my umbrella. That is your umbrella. This is my umbrella and that is yours. Our car is old. Their car is new. Our car is old but theirs is new.

The principal ( want , wanting , wanted ) to see you earlier.

Miss Lawson ( take , took , takes ) a bath before she went to bed.

The housekeeper ( cleared , clears , clear ) the table just now.

A snake ( bites , bit , bitten ) him yesterday.

My brother ( buy , buys , bought ) a pair of shoes last week.

The villagers ( caught , catches , catch ) the thief and handed him over to the police.

My car ( breaks , broke , broken ) down when I was on my way to work.

Mr Dass ( leave , leaves , left ) for New York late last night.

Peter ( woke , woken , wakes ) up late this morning.

The architect ( drawn , drawing , drew ) the plan of the building.

Sharon bought this book. It is ( mine , yours , hers ).

You have done your homework but your brother has not done ( theirs , his , ours ).

That pen is ( mine , his , theirs ). My friend gave it to me.

That house is owned by Mr and Mrs Dass. It is ( theirs , ours , yours ).

We have won the basketball match. The trophy is now ( ours , mine , hers ).

I saw you talking to someone. Is he a friend of ( theirs , yours , hers )?

The racket belongs to David. It is ( hers , his , mine ).

This dog is not ( yours , ours , mine ). I have no pets.

Raymond's feet are big, but his father's are bigger than ( his , hers , theirs ).

Our uncle gave us all these presents. They are ( yours , ours , mine ).

The pirates the treasure on a deserted island. (hide)

The boys in the pool for more than an hour. (swim)

The rider accidentally off his motorcycle. (fall)

The children a surprise birthday party for their father. (plan)

I a letter to my pen friend last week. (write)

He was stopped by the traffic police when he without fastening his seat belt. (drive)

Linus his homework before he went to sleep. ( )

The student looked nervous when the principal to him. (speak)

We an old friend of ours at the restaurant. (meet)

The captain the order to his men to attack. (give)

Space exploration (1) (begin) in the 1950s.

It (2) (start) on 4 October 1957 when Russia (3) (launch) her first satellite.

It (2) (start) on 4 October 1957 when Russia (3) (launch) her first satellite.

Following that event, the Russians and the Americans launched numerous satellites and (4) (send) people into space, hoping to learn more about the universe.

On the morning of 16 July 1969, astronauts Neil Armstrong, Edwin Aldrin and Michael Collins (5) (take) off in their rocket for the moon.

Neil Armstrong (6) (leave) the rocket four days later and (7) (become) the first man to walk on the moon.

Neil Armstrong (6) (leave) the rocket four days later and (7) (become) the first man to walk on the moon.

It (8) (be) indeed a historic occasion witnessed by the world.

The past continuous tense is used when we speak of past actions that continued for a period of time. Examples: The women next door were talking throughout the night. I was watching television last night.

The past continuous tense is also used when we speak of actions that naturally took some time to complete. Examples: My father was polishing the car this morning. She was writing a letter to her pen friend.

The past continuous tense is also used when we speak of two past actions that took place at the same time. Example: While I was studying, she was sleeping.

The past continuous tense can also be used when we speak of a past action that continued for a period of time while another past action took place. Examples: I was doing my homework when my mother called. While I was walking to the market, I saw the robbery.

The wind strongly throughout the night. (blow)

I a book when the lights went out. (read)

The boys football when it started to rain. (play)

Linda on the telephone when her father walked in. (talk)

The farmer in the field the whole day. (dig)

We home when we saw the accident. (drive)

The players for joy because they had won the match. (jump)

Everyone when the fire broke out. (sleep)

Zachary had to look after his younger brother when both his parents . (work)

I was sweeping the floor while my sister the dishes. (wash)

What I was listening to the news on the radio.

Why The construction workers were repairing the road because it was in a bad condition.

What Mr Grey was painting his fence the whole afternoon.

Where I was hiding behind the counter when the robbers came in.

The present perfect tense is formed by 'has' or 'have' + past participle.

The present perfect tense is used when we speak of actions that started in the past and is still taking place in the present. Example: I have lived here for more than ten years.

The present perfect tense is also used when we speak of a past action that took place and was completed, but the time is not important, so it is not mentioned. Examples: He has returned the books he borrowed. They have gone to the cinema.

The present perfect tense can also be used to speak of actions that have just been completed. Here, the tense is usually used with the adverb 'just', 'yet' or 'already'. Examples: Thomas has just completed his first painting. They have not arrived yet. I have already seen that movie.

The present perfect tense is also used when we ask questions using 'ever'. Examples: Have you ever travelled overseas alone? Have you ever heard the story about Frankenstein before?

I have ( see , saw , seen ) her on many occasions.

The men have just ( collect , collected , collecting ) the rubbish.

The store manager has not ( eaten , eat , ate ) his lunch as he is busy serving the customers.

Have you ( sold , sell , selling ) your car yet?

Miss Pitt has ( win , won , winning ) the first prize in the singing contest.

My father has just ( leave , leaves , left ) the house.

Some of the students have ( forget , forgot , forgotten ) to bring their school fees.

Someone has ( taken , took , takes ) my pencil case.

Please dry the dishes once you them. (wash)

The firefighters are too late. The fire already down most of the house. (burn)

Either I have lost my pen or someone it. (steal)

It is already late. Most of them home. (go)

This is my house. I here for five years. (live)

They are searching the area. One of the prisoners . (escape)

she to you yet? (write)

A strong wind just the old tree down. (blow)

EXAMPLES 1. What was the gardener planting? The gardener was planting a mango tree. 2. Whom were you talking to on the telephone? I was talking to my brother on the telephone.

What The detective was searching for some clues.

Who The thief was running away from the police officers.

Why The little girl was crying because she fell and injured herself.

What The customer was complaining about the faulty radio she had bought.

What They were cycling in the park.

Who Yvonne was using the telephone earlier.

EXAMPLES 1. Have you been to Changi Airport? No, I haven't been to Changi Airport. 2. Has Mary finished her homework? Yes, she has finished her homework.

Have the children taken their lunch? Yes, they

Have you seen Mr Grant recently? No, I

Has your father come home yet? Yes, he

Have all the guests arrived yet? No, some of them

Have you ever flown in an aeroplane? Yes, I

Modals are verbs that help another verb. The following are all modals, and the reasons for using them: 'will' or 'shall' (future time), 'can' (an ability to do something), 'could' (past tense of 'can'; for politeness in making requests), 'would' (past tense of 'will'; for politeness in making requests), 'may' or 'might' (probability), 'may' (for permission), 'should' (mild obligation), 'ought to' (obligation), 'must' (compulsory action) and 'need to' (requirement).

Examples He will come again soon. I shall write to you next week. I can speak three languages. When he was younger, he could run a marathon. Could I borrow your dictionary? He said he would not disturb me anymore. Would you accompany me to the market? It may rain tonight. She might visit her grandmother tomorrow. May I go out when I have finished my homework? You should not run so fast when it has been raining. You ought to visit your grandmother often. You must study tonight. You need to work harder from now on.

( Shall , Will , Might ) we go to the beach today?

All students ( shall , may , must ) complete their homework.

( Could , Ought to , Would ) you like some tea?

Only a good swimmer ( should , need , shall ) attempt to save a drowning person.

You ( could , can , will ) drive a car, can't you?

Peter can speak two languages now. Previously, he ( should , must , could ) speak only one.

( Shall , Will , Would ) I take you to the clinic?

I informed my parents that I ( can , would , shall ) be home for dinner.

You ( must , may , could ) water the plants or they will die.

All of us ( may , ought to , might ) take care of our parents when they are old.

If you do not have good qualifications, you not be able to find a good job.

He have written more often if he had the time.

The donkey run any faster even when it was beaten.

All of us throw our litter into the dustbin.

Fish breathe in water because they have gills.

The elderly woman work in her old age.

I rush to the airport as there is still plenty of time.

During one's schooldays, one study hard in order to get good results.

I use your telephone?

We wash our hands before we have our meals.

Tyler definitely be angry if you don't invite him.

We hurry in order not to miss the flight.

What must the students do? (finish their homework)

Who will be the forest ranger? (Andy's father)

Would you like a glass of lemonade? (Yes)

What should his uncle give up? (smoking)

Why needn't the housekeeper sweep the floor? (still clean)

Could the police catch the thief? (No)

Most flowers ( has , have , had ) a fragrant smell.

One of the ladies ( am , is , are ) married.

( Was , Were , Had ) you caught in the rain?

I ( hope , hopes , hoped ) you will feel better soon.

A snake ( change , changes , changed ) its skin several times a year.

None of the ships ( are , was , is ) lost at sea in the last voyage.

Neither Ray nor William ( has , have , are ) written to me.

Sharon, like Judy, ( am , is , are ) tall for her age.

Both parents their daughter to take up piano lessons.

He a wallet in the park this morning.

Karen, with her friends, lunch now.

That bowl of noodles tasty.

The officer and his men crossing the field.

Milk and sugar coffee taste good.

Either John or David not telling the truth.

I, as well as my family, going to the zoo tomorrow.

Each of the workers a safety helmet. (wear)

Everyone of us that it is wrong. (know)

Someone on the door just now. (knock)

The principal, as well as the teachers, to the function. (invite)

Daniel, like his father, coffee every morning. (drink)

Most of my friends stamps as a hobby. (collect)

Andrew, as well as several others, late for school yesterday. (be)

The dining table, with the four chairs, a thousand dollars. (cost)

All the windows except the one in the kitchen closed. (be)

Neither of his sisters whenever he cracks a joke. (laugh)

(a) In quoted speech (direct speech) and reported speech (indirect speech), we should look at the introductory verbs such as 'say', and 'ask' and 'complain'. Example She says, "You have been a good student." She asks, "Why are you girls so grumpy today?" The man complains, "I have never been treated this way."

(b) When the introductory verb is in the present tense, we do not change the tense of the verb within the speech (separated by inverted commas) when we report what we have heard. Example John complains, "My brother is too noisy." John complains that his brother is too noisy.

(c) When the introductory verb in quoted speech (direct speech) is in the past tense, then we should change the verb when we report what we have heard. Examples John complained, "My tooth is aching." John complained that his tooth was aching.

Practise changing sentences into reported speech. Go to My SAPeducation App or www.sapgrp.com

We must pay particular attention to subject-verb agreement when certain expressions are used with the subject. 'And' adds the subjects, so the verb must be plural. Phrases starting with 'with', 'like' and 'as well as' that are used with the subject do not change the number of the subject. So if the subject in this case is singular, the verb will also be singular; if the subject is plural, the verb will also be plural.

Examples: Both John and Tom are good friends. Jean, with a few other friends, watches a movie every Sunday. Susan, like her mother, is a good cook. Lucy, as well as Simon, swims well.

When two subjects are connected by 'either ... or' or 'neither ... nor', the second subject will determine the number of the verb. So if the second subject is singular, the verb will be singular; if the second subject is plural, the verb will be plural.

Examples: Either her parents or Priscilla has received the message. Either Priscilla or her parents have received the message. Neither James nor his father speaks Mandarin. Neither James nor his sisters speak Mandarin.

'Each', 'one', 'everyone' and 'someone' are treated as singular when used with the subject, so the verb will be singular. 'Both' is plural, so the verb will be plural. 'All' and 'none', when used to refer to uncountable nouns, will be followed by a singular verb. When 'none' is used with a plural countable noun, the verb that follows will be singular.

Examples: Each of the boys was given a book. | All the rice was finished. One of the girls sings well. | All the apples were rotten. Everyone is going to the party. | None of the water was used. Someone is knocking on our front door. | None of the boys has been to the National Museum before. Both Tom and Jerry are smart. | None of the books is torn.

"May I have another piece of cake?" asks Peter. Peter asks whether

Miss Jones says, "The book is on the table." Miss Jones says that

She tells me, "I shall see you soon." She tells me that

The tourist asks us, "Where is the nearest hotel?" The tourist asks us where

Tina tells her mother, "Don't cook dinner for me tonight." Tina tells her mother

"I have a headache," says David. David says that

The tutor tells me, "You must do the homework yourself." The tutor tells me that

"Somebody is watching us," says one of the boys. One of the boys says that

EXAMPLES 1. Sharon said, "I am going home." Sharon said that she was going home. 2. The teacher told us, "Bring your school fees tomorrow." The teacher told us to bring our school fees the following day.

My father said, "The moon revolves around the earth." My father said that .

They said, "We are going bowling next week." They said that .

The patient told the doctor, "I have a terrible headache." The patient told the doctor that .

Bernard said, "She wants to know my name." Bernard said that .

"I have done all my homework," I answered. I answered that .

"We are going to Sentosa this afternoon," replied Kevin. Kevin replied that .

"I received the letter yesterday," she told me. She told me that .

"Shall I call for a taxi?" asked Mr Hill. Mr Hill asked whether .

"Where did you go yesterday?" my father asked me.

"Don't be frightened," the old man told the boys.

"We shall have to think of a better idea," said Mr Wilson.

"We went to school by ourselves," said the two brothers.

He says, "This storybook is very interesting."

"Yes, I broke the vase yesterday," admits Judy.

There are different kinds of adverb clauses: manner = introduced by 'as' (meaning 'in the way' or 'in the manner') or 'as though' (meaning 'like') Examples: - He did as he was told. - She ran as though her life depended on her coming first.

place = introduced by 'where' Example: - She hid where we could not find her.

time = introduced by 'when' or 'until' Examples: - They ran away when they saw the gardener. - I think we should wait here until the rain stops.

result = introduced by 'so ... that' or 'such ... that' Examples: - He was so tall that he walked with a hunch. - It was such a hot day that I remained in the library throughout the afternoon.

reason = introduced by 'as' (meaning 'because'), 'since' or 'because' Examples: - As it was raining, we called off the match. - Since it is such a hot day, I am going to have an ice cream. - He laughed because I said something silly.

condition = introduced by 'if' or 'unless' Examples: - If you do not eat now, you will be hungry afterwards. - Unless you eat now, you will be hungry afterwards.

concession = introduced by 'although' Example: - Although he started late, he finished before the other boys.

I went to see the dentist .

The housekeeper did her work .

Susan studied very hard .

The travellers stopped .

The food smelt delicious .

Everyone hated Hitler .

He rode the horse .

We called the fire brigade .

EXAMPLES 1. She heard the bad news. She was very upset. (when) She was very upset when she heard the bad news. 2. It was raining heavily. We could not go out. (because) We could not go out because it was raining heavily.

He drove beyond the speed limit. He was fined for speeding. (when)

She kept the medicine. The children could not reach. (where)

She spoke very softly. I could hardly hear her. (so ... that)

It was a very good film. We went to see it again. (such ... that)

He could not find his watch. He looked everywhere for it. (although)

The workers had to do extra work. They complained. (whenever)

For regular countable nouns, we add ‘-s’ at the end of the nouns to make them plural. Examples: book – books, cake – cakes, pencil – pencils

For nouns that end in ‘-o’, ‘-s’, ‘-sh’, ‘-ch’ or ‘-x’, we usually add ‘-es’ to the end of the noun to make it plural. Examples: mango – mangoes, dress – dresses, dish – dishes, watch – watches, box – boxes

For nouns that end in ‘-y’, we usually replace ‘-y’ with ‘-ies’ to make the noun plural. Examples: party – parties, baby – babies, butterfly – butterflies

For nouns that end in ‘-f’ or ‘-fe’, we usually replace ‘-f’ or ‘-fe’ with ‘-ves’ to make the nouns plural. Examples: shelf – shelves, leaf – leaves, wife – wives

For irregular countable nouns, their forms change when they are in the plural form. Examples: man – men, child – children, foot – feet, mouse – mice

Some irregular nouns have only one form, so the noun remains the same whether it is singular or plural. Examples: sheep, deer, salmon

For some compound nouns, the plural is formed by adding '-s' to the main word. Example: daughter-in-law – daughters-in-law

For other compound nouns, the '-s' is added at the end of the word. Example: babysitter – babysitters

Uncountable nouns do not have plural forms. Examples: air, blood, sand

gas

match

duty

box

brush

family

mouse

city

lady

mosquito

knife

goose

sheep

salmon

passerby

son-in-law

We shall wait here ( until , because , so that ) the next bus comes.

The boys ran out of the house ( unless , as though , although ) they had just seen a ghost.

He was so good at dancing ( that , because , when ) he came in first in the contest.

You may park your car only ( unless , when , where ) there is a parking sign.

She tore the letter into pieces ( as though , so that , while ) nobody could read it.

The robbers hid ( where , as , whenever ) they could not be found.

I have known David ( since , because , so that ) he was a baby.

Please do your work ( since , as , while ) you are instructed.

I wrote down the message ( because , so that , as though ) I would not forget it.

I could not unlock the door ( so that , when , because ) I had lost my keys.

A word may have several . (meaning)

Mrs Lake's (grandchild) visit her every weekend.

We heard loud (cry) for help coming from that house.

She bought two (loaf) of bread for her large family.

All (message) were pinned on the noticeboard.

The (roof) of the huts are covered with zinc sheets.

One of the was caught by the police. (thief)

He took many (photograph) at my birthday party.

Thousands of (life) were lost during the terrible war.

How many are there in a month? (day)

Adjectives are used to qualify nouns. All adjectives have positive, comparative and superlative forms.

Examples small, smaller, smallest nice, nicer, nicest good, better, best

Examples He is a good boy. She is better than her brother. He is the best player in that team.

Some comparative adjectives must be formed with 'more' and superlative adjectives with 'most'. These include adjectives that end in '-ful' or '-ing'.

Examples This painting is more beautiful than that one. This is the most exciting movie I have ever seen.

Adverbs are used to qualify verbs. Adverbs, too, can have positive, comparative and superlative forms. These adverbs have '-ly' at the end.

Examples Pam dances more gracefully than Jane. The young boy spoke most boldly to the bullies.

thick | Comparative: | Superlative:

narrow | Comparative: | Superlative:

good | Comparative: | Superlative:

exciting | Comparative: | Superlative:

bravely | Comparative: | Superlative:

bad | Comparative: | Superlative:

far | Comparative: | Superlative:

clear | Comparative: | Superlative:

Who is the ( pretty , prettier , prettiest ) girl in your class?

Charles has done ( well , better , best ) in his final year examination.

Move your chair a little ( close , closer , closest ) to the table.

Norris is as ( tall , taller , tallest ) as his father.

The ostrich, the ( large , larger , largest ) bird in the world, does not fly.

Which is ( fast , faster , fastest ), the horse or the zebra?

The manager comes to the office ( early , earlier , earliest ) than the rest of the staff.

It is difficult to say which one of these girls dances ( gracefully , more gracefully , most gracefully).

Mount Everest, the mountain in the world, is situated in the Himalayas. (high)

It rained today than it did yesterday. (heavily)

You are the person I have ever come across. (forgetful)

My examination results are just as as the rest of my classmates. (good)

Which is , the bus or the lorry? (heavy)

It is to read the story than to see the film. (enjoyable)

The sun shines than the moon. (brightly)

Do not think that you are than your elders. (wise)

This machine works very well. It has ( often , never , always ) broken down before.

My brother and I used to go out together, but we ( seldom , sometimes , often ) do that now.

It is human to make mistakes. No one is ( sometimes , never , always ) right.

( Sometimes , Never , Always ), I go to my friend's house after school, but I usually go straight home.

My father travels abroad very ( seldom , often , never ); in fact, he spends more time overseas than at home.

We should ( never , seldom , always ) tell the truth.

( Sometimes , Always , Often ), we listen to the radio, but most of the time we watch television.

I have ( always , never , often ) met her before.

How ( often , always , sometimes ) do you go to the library?

Mr Dass is ( seldom , never , always ) a careful driver. I wonder how he could have met with such an accident.

EXAMPLES 1. He goes to school late. (always) He always goes to school late. 2. I have been admitted to hospital. (never) I have never been admitted to hospital.

My car gives me trouble. (seldom)

I wash my hands before I have my meal. (always)

My friends come to my house. (often)

Nearly all of us have been to Walt Disney World. (never)

I go out on weekends. (sometimes)

My dog barks at strangers. (always)

Lesson 2 conceited: thinking highly of oneself wither : to decay abandon : to leave something

Lesson 3 overtake: to go past a moving person or vehicle

Lesson 4 commando: a member of a specially-trained fighting unit for special raids

Lesson 5 workshop: a room where things are repaired

Lesson 6 barren : being infertile so plants or trees cannot survive or produce fruit

Lesson 7 majestic: being grand and noble in nature detain : to delay someone so that the person cannot leave to go somewhere rodent : a nibbling mammal such as a squirrel or a mouse

Lesson 8 embassy: a building where the offices of an ambassador and staff are

Lesson 9 retire: to stop working because one has reached a certain age

Lesson 10 expedition: a long journey, especially to a dangerous place

Lesson 11 loiter: to wander aimlessly

Lesson 13 launch: to send a spacecraft into space

Lesson 14 faulty: not working properly

Lesson 16 qualification: an achievement which allows someone to be able to perform a task definitely : surely

Lesson 17 fragrant: giving out a pleasant smell

Lesson 20 passerby: someone walking past a place by chance

Adverbs of frequency are 'sometimes', 'often', 'seldom', 'always' and 'never'.

'Sometimes' is usually placed at the beginning and occasionally at the end of a sentence.

Examples Sometimes, I visit my uncle. I visit my uncle sometimes.

We usually place the verb after 'often', 'seldom', 'always' and 'never'.

Examples I often visit my uncle. I seldom watch television. My friends always share their biscuits with me. Mother never likes my friends to mess up my bedroom.

If we use 'very often', then we place that at the beginning or the end of the sentence.

Examples Very often, I visit my uncle. I visit my uncle very often.

Exercise 1: 1. Would, 2. Could, 3. Could, 4. Could, 5. Would, 6. Could, 7. Could, 8. Could, 9. Would, 10. Would, 11. Could, 12. Would

Exercise 2: 1. Mary, could you call back later? 2. Dawn, could you lower the volume of the radio? 3. Ray, could you show me how to operate the machine? 4. Father, could you tell me a bedtime story? 5. Mrs Wilkins, would you like a drink? 6. Lionel, could you pass me the dictionary? 7. Mark, could you accompany me to the doctor's? 8. Teacher, could you explain the difficult word again? 9. Sandra, would you like to go jogging with us? 10. Richard, could we come along with you?

Exercise 3: 1. Could I borrow your pencil? 2. Could you switch on the light? 3. Could I see you now? 4. Would you lend me a hand? 5. Could you meet me tonight? 6. Could you help me with my homework?

Exercise 4: 1. (3), 2. (2), 3. (2), 4. (3), 5. (2), 6. (1), 7. (2), 8. (1), 9. (3), 10. (2)

Exercise 5: 1. He didn't buy the shoes because they were expensive. 2. I switched on the fan because it was warm. 3. She is opening her umbrella because it is raining. 4. He stopped smoking because it was bad for his health. 5. He was released because he was innocent. 6. I didn't take a taxi because I did not have enough money. 7. He is crying because he is hungry. 8. They are chasing the men because they robbed a bank. 9. She is miserable because she failed the examination. 10. They built a fire because it was cold. 11. She punished me because I was naughty. 12. They abandoned the ship because it was sinking.

Exercise 6: 1. Mr Peterson was upset because he had lost his wallet. 2. The tournament had to be postponed as it was raining heavily. 3. Since Sally was ill, she could not come to the party. 4. I switched on the light because it was dark. 5. The bridegroom rushed to church because he was late. 6. The farmer was very angry because the merchants had cheated him. 7. Since he behaved very rudely, everyone disliked him. 8. Mr Willis was late for work as his car broke down.

Exercise 7: 1. (1), 2. (3), 3. (2), 4. (1), 5. (2), 6. (2), 7. (1), 8. (3)

Exercise 8: 1. Mr Woods drank so much that he could not drive home. 2. Mrs Dass is such a kind lady that everyone likes her. 3. The restaurant serves such delicious food that the customers keep coming back. 4. The dress was so expensive that she decided not to buy it. 5. The cinema was so dark that I could not see the steps in front of me. 6. The movie was so scary that someone in the audience fainted. 7. The children rushed to the bus stop so that they would not miss the school bus. 8. The dog barked so fiercely that all of us were afraid to go near it.

Exercise 9 (Suggested answers): 1. Hillary sang so sweetly that we gave her a standing ovation. 2. It was such a hot day that we decided to go for a swim. 3. The storm was so violent that many ships were lost at sea. 4. The survivors were so weak that they had to be carried. 5. Mr Williams took a taxi so that he would not be late for work. 6. He ate so much food at the party that he had a stomachache. 7. My grandmother is so old that she can hardly walk. 8. Mr Carlson works longer hours this week so that he may finish the project on time.

Exercise 10: 1. Andrew is so timid that he will not talk to anyone. 2. The old man was so ill that we called an ambulance. 3. It is such an interesting book that I cannot put it down. 4. It was such a fine day that we decided to go to the beach. 5. He drove so fast that he could not stop in time when he saw the dog. 6. We had such a pleasant time at the beach that we wanted to go there again the following week. 7. Raymond is such a good runner that he has won many prizes. 8. My employer has such a bad temper that all of us are afraid of him.

Exercise 11: 1. leaves, 2. begins, 3. expect, 4. starts, 5. departs, 6. commences, 7. takes, 8. attack, 9. see, 10. sets

Exercise 12: 1. is coming, 2. are going, 3. are playing, 4. am leaving, 5. are landing, 6. is buying, 7. are sitting, 8. are getting, 9. is painting, 10. is holding

Exercise 13: 1. It arrives tonight. 2. I am buying a silk scarf for her birthday. 3. It leaves in five minutes. 4. I am waking up at six o'clock tomorrow. 5. He is coming home later in the afternoon. 6. They are going to Bangkok next month. 7. She leaves for Australia next week. 8. I have my lunch at noon. 9. It begins later in the year. 10. She is visiting her sick aunt in hospital this evening.

Exercise 14: 1. (2), 2. (1), 3. (3), 4. (1), 5. (3), 6. (3), 7. (1), 8. (2), 9. (1), 10. (2)

Exercise 15: 1. ought to, 2. should, 3. should, 4. ought to, 5. should, 6. shouldn't, 7. ought to, 8. shouldn't, 9. ought not to, 10. should

Exercise 16: 1. The boys shouldn't play in the rain. 2. The patient should stay in bed. 3. The girls shouldn't stay out late. 4. They should throw the rubbish away. 5. The students should study hard for the examination. 6. We shouldn't litter the park.

Exercise 17: 1. (2), 2. (1), 3. (3), 4. (1), 5. (3), 6. (2), 7. (1), 8. (3), 9. (1), 10. (2)

Exercise 18: 1. My parents will worry unless I give them a call. 2. The boat will not capsize unless we rock it. 3. The door will not open unless you push it hard. 4. Mr Peterson will be late for the general meeting unless he hurries. 5. The librarian will not scold us unless we talk loudly. 6. The dog will not bite you unless you disturb it. 7. You cannot watch television unless you finish your homework first. 8. The whole house will be burnt down unless the firefighters arrive soon.

9. You cannot go out to play unless you complete your homework. 10. She will not come to the picnic unless we invite her.

1. Don't tell her about it unless she asks you. 2. You will not pass the examination unless you study. 3. You cannot vote unless you are a citizen. 4. The job will not be completed unless we work overtime. 5. We shall not take you along unless you behave yourself. 6. Dennis will join us unless he is busy. 7. The players will not get into trouble unless they break the rules. 8. I shall not lend you the money unless you promise to pay it back soon. 9. The roads will not be flooded unless it rains continuously. 10. Mary will be angry unless you go to her party.

1. Neil Armstrong was the first astronaut to walk on the moon. 2. I asked the salesperson for some assistance. 3. The customer demanded to see the manager of the shop. 4. The sun rises in the east. 5. The famous Sherlock Holmes lived on Baker Street. 6. The Taj Mahal is one of the seven wonders of the world. 7. This is the spot where it took place. 8. The principal of this school has resigned. 9. This is not the book I am looking for. 10. Were there any witnesses to the accident? 11. The soldiers had to cross the desert on foot. 12. He was awarded a medal for the bravery he had shown in battle.

1. the, the 2. The 3. An, a 4. an, the 5. The, the, an 6. a, the, the 7. an, the 8. a, the 9. the, the 10. the, the

1. a, the, the / the / the / the, a 2. The, the, the / a, the / An / The, an 3. The, an, the, a / an / the, the / A / the, a

1. each other 2. each other 3. one another 4. one another 5. each other 6. one another 7. each other 8. each other 9. one another 10. each other 11. each other 12. one another 13. one another 14. one another 15. one another

1. one another 2. one another 3. one another 4. each other 5. one another 6. each other 7. each other 8. each other 9. each other 10. each other

1. down 2. up 3. after 4. off 5. into 6. through 7. out 8. in 9. away 10. on

1. (2) 2. (1) 3. (3) 4. (2) 5. (4) 6. (1) 7. (4) 8. (2)

1. came about 2. point out 3. broke down 4. make out 5. clear up 6. gave up 7. keep off 8. carried out 9. taken in 10. find out 11. given away 12. take over

1. (2) 2. (4) 3. (1) 4. (3) 5. (1) 6. (3) 7. (2) 8. (2) 9. (1) 10. (3)

1. The car has already been washed. 2. The roof is being repaired. 3. The smoke will be blown away. 4. Rice is usually eaten in Asia. 5. Butter is made from milk. 6. The gate will be closed at six. 7. They have been warned on several occasions. 8. Water is absorbed through the roots. 9. Many campaigns have been done to attract tourists from around the world. 10. The meeting will be held tomorrow. 11. Most of the ingredients for the feast were already bought. 12. I have been appointed as chairperson.

1. (2) 2. (1) 3. (3) 4. (2) 5. (2) 6. (2) 7. (1) 8. (3)

1. The police were investigating the house fire that had occurred in a remote area. 2. The man with a scar on his face is a criminal. 3. Where is the racket which you borrowed from me a week ago? 4. This is the kite that Patrick made. 5. I met a strange man who was loitering behind my house. 6. Susan is the girl whom I gave the parcel to. 7. The man whose wallet is missing is upset.

1. who 2. which 3. whom 4. whose 5. whose 6. who 7. which 8. whom

1. The woman on the balcony is carrying a baby. 2. The building near my school is a factory. 3. The girl with long hair is my niece. 4. The men on the ship are sailors. 5. The tree behind my house had been chopped down. 6. The teacher in charge of my class is Miss Davidson. 7. The cake on the table looks delicious. 8. The goldfish in the tank belongs to me. 9. Most of the passengers on the plane are from Asia. 10. The guests at the party enjoyed themselves.

1. hers 2. his 3. mine 4. theirs 5. ours 6. yours 7. his 8. mine 9. his 10. ours

1. yours 2. Ours 3. Mine 4. theirs 5. theirs 6. hers; mine 7. his 8. his; mine 9. ours 10. hers

1. All these toys are theirs. 2. Ours is a small car but theirs is a big one. 3. Hers is nearly the same as mine. 4. His has his name on it. This is to show that it is his. 5. We have seen hers but we haven't seen yours at all. 6. A close friend of ours has left for Europe. 7. My mother sewed mine while they had to buy theirs. 8. These can't be ours. They must be theirs. 9. My sister is cleaning hers now, but I shall clean mine later. 10. The teacher said that ours were good, but his was better.

1. wanted 2. took 3. cleared 4. bit 5. bought 6. caught 7. broke 8. left 9. woke 10. drew

1. hid 2. swam 3. fell 4. planned 5. wrote 6. drove 7. did 8. spoke 9. met 10. gave

1. began 2. started 3. launched 4. sent 5. took 6. left 7. became 8. was

Exercise 40

Exercise 41

Exercise 42

Exercise 43

Exercise 44

Exercise 45

Exercise 46

Exercise 47

Exercise 48

Exercise 49

Exercise 50

Exercise 51

Exercise 52

Exercise 53

Exercise 54

Exercise 55

Exercise 56

Exercise 57

Exercise 58

Exercise 59

Exercise 60

Exercise 61

Exercise 62

Exercise 63